THE EVOLUTION OF MALAY NATIONHOOD AND “SPECIAL RIGHTS” (1946-1948)
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Оригинальность работы 94%
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION 4-20
Approaches and research framework 5
Method and Methodology 6
Sources 7
Historiography 12
Existing Works of the Malay Nation and “Special Rights” 12
Defining nation 13
The Roles of Empires 14
Rights and “Special Rights” 16
Definitions 18
Nation 18
Special Rights 18
CHAPTER I: 1946 – The (Re)Birth of a Nation 21-41
Historical Background 21
Who is a “Malay”? 24
Malay or Malayan? 30
Institutionalising Nationality and Rights 37
What Constitutes a Malay in 1946? 39
CHAPTER 2: 1948 – Ratifying Malay Nationhood and Officialising “Special Rights” 41-54
Malayan Union- The Spark of a Nation 43
The People’s Nation? 46
Whose Imagined Nation? 51
Concluding Remarks 53
CONCLUSION 55-63
Nationhood and “Special Rights” 55
The Role of Colonial and Imperial Reconstruction 59
Concluding Remarks 61
Summary 61
Further Research 63
LIST OF SOURCES 64
BIBLIOGRAPHY 65-67
Introduction
Despite having no direct interest or participatory role in the Second World War, Malaya was inadvertently dragged into a chain reaction that would eventually saw the genesis of its modern nation in the 1940’s. The events that followed would lead to an eventual construction of the Malay nation as well as the designation of “special rights” that would have an everlasting impact on the modern Malay nation up to this day.
This research aims to examine this particular construction of nation, as well as its relationship with the designation of the “special rights” for the Malay people through the lens of imperial and colonial reconstruction right after the end of the Second World War. Through this research, I aim to dissect the decision-making process that went on behind the policies that helped shape the trajectory of Malay nationhood and the special rights accorded to them. In doing so, I hope to answer the main research question; how has Malay nationhood and its “special rights” evolved from 1946-1948?
As the main research question does seem rather general, this research would also examine few sub-questions that would hopefully contribute to understanding the bigger picture in the construction of the Malay nation and its special rights. Among those questions are;
Bibliography
Akashi, Yoji. "Japanese Policy Towards the Malayan Chinese 1941-1945." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 1, no. 2 (1970): 61-89. www.jstor.org/stable/20069873.
Anderson, Benedict Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso, 1991
Anderson, Benedict, Alexander Semyonov, and Serguei Glebov. "We Study Empires as we do Dinosaurs: Nations, Nationalism, and Empire in a Critical Perspective, Interview with Benedict Anderson." Ab Imperio 2003, no. 3 (2003): 57-73. doi:10.1353/imp.2003.0068.
Arkib Negara Malaysia. “Malayan Union – Teladan buat generasi kini, akan datang.” Last modified November 20, 2019. http://www.arkib.gov.my/web/guest/malayan-union-teladan-buat-generasi-kini-akan-datang?p_p_id=56_INSTANCE_Oj0d&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-inner-3&p_p_col_count=1&page=1
Breuilly, John. The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
Burbank, Jane. "An Imperial Rights Regime: Law and Citizenship in the Russian Empire." Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 7, no. 3 (2006): 397-431. doi:10.1353/kri.2006.0031
Chatterjee, Partha. Empire and Nation: Selected Essays. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010.
Chin, James. “The Costs of Malay Supremacy.” The New York Times, August 27, 2015. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/28/opinion/the-costs-of-malay-supremacy.html.
Cooper, Brian C. Decade of Change: Malaya and the Straits Settlements 1936-1945. Singapore: Graham Brash, 1998.
Gullick J. M. "Prelude to Merdeka: Public Administration in Malaya, 1945–57." South East Asia Research 5, no. 2 (1997): 155-173. Accessed April 26, 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/23746852
Sundaram, Jomo. “The New Economic Policy and Interethnic Relations in Malaysia.” United Nations Research Institute of Social Development. 7, no. 9 (2004) http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpPublications)/A20E9AD6E5BA919780256B6D0057896B.
Kymlicka, Will. Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Lee, Molly N. N. “Education and the State: Malaysia after the NEP.” Asia Pacific Journal of Education 1, no.1 (1997): 27-40. doi:10.1080/02188799708547741.
Leyden, John. Malay Annals. ed. Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown, 1821.
Mantena Karuna. Alibis of Empire: Henry Maine and the Ends of Liberal Imperialism. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2010.
Milne, R. S. “‘National Ideology’ and Nation-Building in Malaysia.” Asian Survey 10, no. 7 (1970): 563-73. doi:10.2307/2642955
Muller, Hannah Weiss. "Bonds of Belonging: Subjecthood and the British Empire." Journal of British Studies 53, no. 1 (2014): 29-58. www.jstor.org/stable/24700955.
Nair, Sheila. “Colonial ‘Others’ and Nationalist Politics in Malaysia.” Akademika 54 (January 1999): 55-79 http://ejournal.ukm.my/akademika/article/view/3035
Smith, Anthony. National Identity. London: Penguin Books, 1991
Stoler, A.L. “Colonial archives and the arts of governance.” Archival Science 2, (2002) 87–109. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02435632
The Guardian, “World peace at last: Japan surrenders, archive 1945,” Guardian, August 15, 1945,
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/15/world-peace-at-last-japan-surrenders-archive-1945
Ting, Helen “The Politics of National Identity in West Malaysia: Continued Mutation or Critical Transition?” Southeast Asian Studies 47, no.1(2009): 31-51.
http://hdl.handle.net/2433/108378
Winstedt, Richard. "Indian Influence in the Malay World." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, no. 2 (1944): 186-96. www.jstor.org/stable/25221977
Оригинальность работы 94%
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION 4-20
Approaches and research framework 5
Method and Methodology 6
Sources 7
Historiography 12
Existing Works of the Malay Nation and “Special Rights” 12
Defining nation 13
The Roles of Empires 14
Rights and “Special Rights” 16
Definitions 18
Nation 18
Special Rights 18
CHAPTER I: 1946 – The (Re)Birth of a Nation 21-41
Historical Background 21
Who is a “Malay”? 24
Malay or Malayan? 30
Institutionalising Nationality and Rights 37
What Constitutes a Malay in 1946? 39
CHAPTER 2: 1948 – Ratifying Malay Nationhood and Officialising “Special Rights” 41-54
Malayan Union- The Spark of a Nation 43
The People’s Nation? 46
Whose Imagined Nation? 51
Concluding Remarks 53
CONCLUSION 55-63
Nationhood and “Special Rights” 55
The Role of Colonial and Imperial Reconstruction 59
Concluding Remarks 61
Summary 61
Further Research 63
LIST OF SOURCES 64
BIBLIOGRAPHY 65-67
Introduction
Despite having no direct interest or participatory role in the Second World War, Malaya was inadvertently dragged into a chain reaction that would eventually saw the genesis of its modern nation in the 1940’s. The events that followed would lead to an eventual construction of the Malay nation as well as the designation of “special rights” that would have an everlasting impact on the modern Malay nation up to this day.
This research aims to examine this particular construction of nation, as well as its relationship with the designation of the “special rights” for the Malay people through the lens of imperial and colonial reconstruction right after the end of the Second World War. Through this research, I aim to dissect the decision-making process that went on behind the policies that helped shape the trajectory of Malay nationhood and the special rights accorded to them. In doing so, I hope to answer the main research question; how has Malay nationhood and its “special rights” evolved from 1946-1948?
As the main research question does seem rather general, this research would also examine few sub-questions that would hopefully contribute to understanding the bigger picture in the construction of the Malay nation and its special rights. Among those questions are;
- What was the dynamic of the relationship between the Malay nation with its special rights?
- What were the specific rights categorized under “special rights” that were significant in the aforementioned relationship dynamics?
- Who were the main driver or historical actors behind the official construction of the Malay nation and institutionalization of its special rights throughout 1946-1948?
- How has the element of colonial and imperial reconstruction of order affected the trajectory or direction of Malay nation-building in 1946-1948?
Bibliography
Akashi, Yoji. "Japanese Policy Towards the Malayan Chinese 1941-1945." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 1, no. 2 (1970): 61-89. www.jstor.org/stable/20069873.
Anderson, Benedict Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso, 1991
Anderson, Benedict, Alexander Semyonov, and Serguei Glebov. "We Study Empires as we do Dinosaurs: Nations, Nationalism, and Empire in a Critical Perspective, Interview with Benedict Anderson." Ab Imperio 2003, no. 3 (2003): 57-73. doi:10.1353/imp.2003.0068.
Arkib Negara Malaysia. “Malayan Union – Teladan buat generasi kini, akan datang.” Last modified November 20, 2019. http://www.arkib.gov.my/web/guest/malayan-union-teladan-buat-generasi-kini-akan-datang?p_p_id=56_INSTANCE_Oj0d&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-inner-3&p_p_col_count=1&page=1
Breuilly, John. The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
Burbank, Jane. "An Imperial Rights Regime: Law and Citizenship in the Russian Empire." Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 7, no. 3 (2006): 397-431. doi:10.1353/kri.2006.0031
Chatterjee, Partha. Empire and Nation: Selected Essays. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010.
Chin, James. “The Costs of Malay Supremacy.” The New York Times, August 27, 2015. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/28/opinion/the-costs-of-malay-supremacy.html.
Cooper, Brian C. Decade of Change: Malaya and the Straits Settlements 1936-1945. Singapore: Graham Brash, 1998.
Gullick J. M. "Prelude to Merdeka: Public Administration in Malaya, 1945–57." South East Asia Research 5, no. 2 (1997): 155-173. Accessed April 26, 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/23746852
Sundaram, Jomo. “The New Economic Policy and Interethnic Relations in Malaysia.” United Nations Research Institute of Social Development. 7, no. 9 (2004) http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpPublications)/A20E9AD6E5BA919780256B6D0057896B.
Kymlicka, Will. Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Lee, Molly N. N. “Education and the State: Malaysia after the NEP.” Asia Pacific Journal of Education 1, no.1 (1997): 27-40. doi:10.1080/02188799708547741.
Leyden, John. Malay Annals. ed. Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown, 1821.
Mantena Karuna. Alibis of Empire: Henry Maine and the Ends of Liberal Imperialism. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2010.
Milne, R. S. “‘National Ideology’ and Nation-Building in Malaysia.” Asian Survey 10, no. 7 (1970): 563-73. doi:10.2307/2642955
Muller, Hannah Weiss. "Bonds of Belonging: Subjecthood and the British Empire." Journal of British Studies 53, no. 1 (2014): 29-58. www.jstor.org/stable/24700955.
Nair, Sheila. “Colonial ‘Others’ and Nationalist Politics in Malaysia.” Akademika 54 (January 1999): 55-79 http://ejournal.ukm.my/akademika/article/view/3035
Smith, Anthony. National Identity. London: Penguin Books, 1991
Stoler, A.L. “Colonial archives and the arts of governance.” Archival Science 2, (2002) 87–109. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02435632
The Guardian, “World peace at last: Japan surrenders, archive 1945,” Guardian, August 15, 1945,
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/15/world-peace-at-last-japan-surrenders-archive-1945
Ting, Helen “The Politics of National Identity in West Malaysia: Continued Mutation or Critical Transition?” Southeast Asian Studies 47, no.1(2009): 31-51.
http://hdl.handle.net/2433/108378
Winstedt, Richard. "Indian Influence in the Malay World." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, no. 2 (1944): 186-96. www.jstor.org/stable/25221977
